Cultured disease-specific concentrations 3T3-L1 with urea resulted in radical oxygen species (ROS) production and increased O-linked b-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc). Experimental evidence indicated that uremic mice displayed glucose intolerance, while urea infusion in normal animals elevated insulin resistance–associated adipokines. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN), as a traditional marker for renal function for decades, recent attention has been given to the new role in urinary system, circulatory system, etc., which suggests clinical significance of urea. Impaired insulin secretion and insulin resistance have been observed among chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients, mainly due to the retention of uremic metabolites including urea. Kidney is an important organ in maintaining glucose homeostasis. Given its very large population size, development of effective strategies for T2DM prevention is of great public health importance in this region. In China, the age-standardized prevalence of T2DM increased 11-fold from 1.0% in 1980s to 11.0% in 2017. Asia has emerged as the major area with a rapidly developing T2DM epidemic and China is one of the top epicenters of the epidemic. This number is expected to increase up to 700 million in 2045. In 2019, 463 million adults lived with diabetes worldwide, and more than 90% of whom had T2DM.

In the past three decades, the prevalence of diabetes has been quadrupled. TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS (T2DM) and its complications is recognized globally as one of the major public health challenges, ranking the ninth major cause of death. Future prospective investigations in other populations are necessary to confirm our findings. Our results suggested that BUN levels were positively associated with incident T2DM risk among Chinese adults. This association tended to be more pronounced in those with a lower body mass index at baseline ( p-interaction <0.001). HR for per each standard deviation increase in BUN level was 1.10 (1.04–1.16) ( p trend <0.001). Compared with quartile 1, the multivariate-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and its 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for T2DM risk were 1.16 (0.97–1.38) for quartile 2, 1.28 (1.07–1.51) for quartile 3, and 1.28 (1.08–1.52) for quartile 4 ( p trend = 0.005).

With increasing quartiles of BUN levels, the incidences of T2DM gradually increased with 0.69%, 1.11%, 1.53%, and 1.87% for quartile 1 to quartile 4 ( p trend <0.001). 2009 (5.2%) cases confirmed with incident T2DM were identified during median follow-up of 3.1 years. During follow-up, incident T2DM cases were identified based on self-report, medication use, measurements of fasting plasma glucose, 2 h post oral glucose, or haemoglobinA1c. To examine the association between blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and risk of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) among Chinese adults, we performed an ongoing cohort study of 38578 Chinese adults (56.3% males average age, 41.6 y) who underwent repeated health check-up examinations between 20 and without T2DM at baseline. Hwa Mei Hospital, Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Digestive System Tumors of Zhejiang Province, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315000, Zhejiang, PR China Department of Global Health, Ningbo Institute of Life and Health Industry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315000, Zhejiang, PR China Hwa Mei Hospital, Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Digestive System Tumors of Zhejiang Province, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315000, Zhejiang, PR China Department of Global Health, Ningbo Institute of Life and Health Industry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315000, Zhejiang, PR China Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, Chinaĭepartment of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, Chinaĭepartment of Health Management, Beijing Xiao Tang Shan Hospital, Beijing, 102211, Chinaĭepartment of Non-communicable Disease Prevention and Control, Shenzhen Nanshan Center for Chronic Disease Control, Shenzhen, 518054, Guangdong, Chinaĭepartment of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Peking University Sixth Hospital (Institute of Mental Health), Beijing 100191, China

Bun normal range mmoll